Writing practice alone isn’t sufficient. Feedback from experts is crucial to identify missing dimensions like structure, depth, use of keywords, or critical analysis. Evaluation bridges the gap between preparation and actual exam performance.

EXAMPLE 1: A Political Science candidate was using GS-type language in optional answers. Evaluation sessions taught him how to include thinkers, quotes, and theorists, aligning better with the optional’s expectations.

Example 2: A PSIR student saw a topper’s answer integrating real-world examples from current affairs. He began including articles from The Hindu and Indian Express, enriching his answers.

Salient Features:

• 10 Full Length tests. (English&Hindi)
• Evaluators assess on parameters like relevance, structure, depth of analysis, subheading use, keyword usage, multidimensionality, innovation (diagrams, flowcharts), conclusion quality, and time-bound completeness.
• UPSC answers are not essays; they must reflect a balanced viewpoint within word/time limits. Evaluation frameworks ensure candidates develop exam-centric writing that satisfies UPSC’s demand for clarity, content, and conciseness.
• UPSC checks quality under pressure. Evaluation creates a feedback loop where every mistake becomes a lesson. The constant loop of Write → Get Feedback → Rectify → Write Again improves articulation, speed, and scoring capability.
• Focus on key metrics to ensure 300+ Marks in PSIR.
• High-quality Question as per the latest pattern of UPSC.
• Robust feedback mechanism through copy evaluation in a time bound manner.
• Model Answers of all tests
• Flexible schedule, write anytime after scheduled date.
• Fee: Rs 11000/-  (Per Test Rs 1100/-)

Call: 860770992 (Discounts for EconomicallyWeaker Sections for all categories)

EXAMPLE:

Q. Compare Rawlsian Justice with Amartya Sen’s capabilities approach. What are their implications for redistributive justice?

ANS: John Rawls and Amartya Sen are two of the most influential thinkers in modern political philosophy, particularly on the subject of justice. Both critique utilitarianism and advocate alternatives that prioritize fairness and human dignity. However, their approaches diverge fundamentally in both conceptual foundations and implications for redistributive justice.

Rawlsian Theory of Justice:

Rawls, in A Theory of Justice (1971), constructs a theory of “justice as fairness” using the hypothetical original position and the veil of ignorance. His two principles of justice are:

1. Equal basic liberties for all.

2. Social and economic inequalities are just only if they benefit the least advantaged (the difference principle) and are attached to positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.

Rawls emphasizes the distribution of primary goods — income, wealth, opportunities, rights, and liberties — assuming that individuals will pursue their own life plans more effectively if these goods are distributed fairly. Justice, for Rawls, lies in establishing institutions that ensure fair access to these goods.

Amartya Sen’s Capabilities Approach:

Sen, in contrast, argues in Development as Freedom and The Idea of Justice that Rawls’ reliance on primary goods is insufficient. He introduces the capabilities approach, focusing not on what resources people possess but on what they are actually able to do and be — their capabilities and functionings. For example, two individuals with the same income may achieve vastly different outcomes due to personal, social, or environmental factors (e.g., disability, discrimination, or lack of public services).

Sen’s theory emphasizes individual freedom to achieve valuable functionings (e.g., being nourished, educated, mobile, or politically active). He criticizes Rawls for being too institution-focused and for insufficient attention to real-life differences in human diversity and social conversion factors.

Implications for Redistributive Justice:

Both theories support redistributive justice but differ in emphasis:

• Rawlsian redistribution is justified insofar as it maximizes the position of the least advantaged by equalizing the distribution of primary goods. Institutions (like taxation and welfare) must be designed to ensure that inequalities work to everyone’s advantage, especially the most vulnerable.

• Sen’s redistribution focuses more on enhancing individuals’ real freedoms — such as access to healthcare, education, and social participation. Redistribution is not just about material resources but also about enabling individuals to convert those resources into meaningful capabilities. For Sen, justice requires correcting structural disadvantages and ensuring conditions for people to lead lives they value.

Comparative Insights:

• Metric of Justice: Rawls uses primary goods; Sen uses capabilities.

• Equality Focus: Rawls seeks fairness in resource distribution; Sen emphasizes freedom to achieve outcomes.

• Redistribution Rationale: Rawls supports redistribution to uphold fairness within institutions; Sen supports it to promote real opportunity and remove unfreedoms.

Conclusion:

While Rawls provides a powerful institutional framework for fairness, Sen adds depth by focusing on individual agency and diversity. Together, they offer complementary visions: Rawls helps structure just institutions; Sen ensures that justice reflects the lived realities of individuals. For effective redistributive justice, both resource equality and real freedom must be considered.

Detailed evaluation & Feedback of your answer :

Here is a detailed evaluation of your answer on Rawlsian Justice vs Amartya Sen’s Capabilities Approach and their implications for redistributive justice, based on standard UPSC answer writing parameters (like clarity, structure, conceptual depth, analytical balance, and word economy):

STRENGTHS

1. Clear Structure and Logical Flow:

   • The answer follows a well-organized format: introduction, individual theories, comparative section, and conclusion.

   • Subheadings enhance clarity and make the answer easier to follow.

2. Conceptual Accuracy:

   • Rawls’ principles are correctly explained (original position, veil of ignorance, primary goods, difference principle).

   • Sen’s approach is also well-articulated — especially the focus on capabilities, functionings, and conversion factors.

3. Effective Use of Examples:

   • The example of two individuals with the same income but differing outcomes is an excellent way to highlight Sen’s critique of Rawls.

4. Balanced Comparative Insights:

   • The “Comparative Insights” section neatly summarizes key differences in metrics, focus, and rationale — a helpful analytical device for evaluators.

5. Strong Conclusion:

   • The synthesis offered in the conclusion — seeing Rawls and Sen as complementary — shows mature understanding and evaluative skill.

AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT

1. Limited Critical Engagement:

   • The answer does not engage enough with criticisms of either theory. For instance:

     • Rawls has been criticized for being overly idealistic and not addressing global justice.

     • Sen’s approach is vague in operationalizing capabilities — there’s no fixed list or institutional framework.

2. Insufficient Real-world or Policy Examples:

   • The answer could be enriched by contemporary illustrations, such as:

     • India’s welfare schemes (e.g., MGNREGA or Ayushman Bharat) as applications of the capabilities approach.

     • Scandinavian-style taxation models that reflect Rawlsian redistribution.

3. Lack of Mention of Martha Nussbaum (Optional but Helpful):

   • A brief reference to Nussbaum’s refinement of Sen’s approach through a defined list of capabilities would show advanced understanding.

4. Slight Redundancy:

   • Some ideas are repeated — e.g., “freedom to achieve outcomes” vs. “real opportunity” appear in both the Sen and the comparative sections.

EVALUATION (Out of 10)

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“Exams are fast approaching. Work Smart:You have limited time and energy.”

General Studies I,II,III,IV

What you will get:

FEE : Rs 16000/-

“Making good decisions is a crucial skill at every level. You should not waste this opportunity for just a sake of only appearing the examination. Give this attempt with the full fire. So join us immediately.”

General Studies‐I: Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and
Society.

Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.

The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.

Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.

History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the society.

Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.

Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies.

Effects of globalization on Indian society.

Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.

Salient features of world’s physical geography.

Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).

Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone
etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features
(including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.

PAPER‐III

General Studies‐ II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International
relations.

Indian Constitution—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.

Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.

Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.

Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries.

Parliament and State legislatures—structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers &
privileges and issues arising out of these.

Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.

Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.

Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.

Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.

Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

Development processes and the development industry —the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.

Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.

Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

Issues relating to poverty and hunger.

Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures.

Role of civil services in a democracy.

India and its neighborhood- relations.

Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting
India’s interests.

Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.

Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate.

PAPER‐IV

General Studies‐III: Technology, Economic Development, Bio diversity, Environment,
Security and Disaster Management

Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.

Government Budgeting.

Major crops-cropping patterns in various parts of the country, – different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.
Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.
Food processing and related industries in India- scope’ and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.

Land reforms in India.

Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.

Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

Investment models.

Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.

Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.

Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.

Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.

Disaster and disaster management.

Linkages between development and spread of extremism.

Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.

Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering
and its prevention.
Security challenges and their management in border areas – linkages of organized crime with terrorism.

Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate.

PAPER‐V General Studies‐ IV: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude
This paper will include questions to test the candidates’ attitude and approach to issues
relating to integrity, probity in public life and his problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him in dealing with society. Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine these aspects. The following broad areas will be covered :
Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in-human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics – in private and public relationships. Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of family society and educational institutions in inculcating values.
Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour;
moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.

Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity, impartiality and
non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker-sections.
Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and governance.

Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.

Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding; corporate governance.
Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity; Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of corruption.
Case Studies on above issues.

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“Most Practicle, Simple, Focused ,Best & complete approach.”

IAS Preliminary Exam Most Probable Questions Study Material

(Kushmanda’s Distance Learning Programme)

GENERAL STUDIES PAPER I

What you will get:

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UPSC INTERVIEW BOOK PDF FREE DOWNLOAD

We are glad to inform you that Kushmanda HCS IAS Academy is providing Free UPSC Interview Book PDF

“Mail us your ‘biodata on a plain page’ or DAF(Detailed application form)to predict Most Expected & Probable Questions”
We will provide  most probable questions and model answers specially for you (specially based on your biodata/mains form) for your  Exam Interview 2019.(provide you in PDF ,English/Hindi Medium). So send us mail request or call us. Our HELPLINE: 08607570992,09728926678

FOR UPSC INTERVIEW BOOK PDF FREE DOWNLOAD

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GS PAPER I (Most Imp Questions, GOAL: “100 Question” of UPSC Preliminary Exam 2018 )

WHAT YOU WILL GET:

Fee:Rs 6000/-

“Exams are fast approaching. Work Smart:You have limited time and energy.”

PAPER II CSAT (Most Imp Questions, GOAL: “100 Question” of UPSC Preliminary Exam 2018 )

WHAT YOU WILL GET:

FEE Rs 6000/-Fee has to be paid-by Cash on Delivery or NET BANKING(IMPS/NEFT) or  by DD/Cheque for the full amount favoring KUSHMANDA EDUCATION SERVICES PVT LTD  payable at PANIPAT . “Trust, quality and reliability , the bywords for KUSHMANDA EDUCATION SERVICES PVT LTD,  will remain our guiding force for  both Preliminary as well as Main Exam.”

 “Making good decisions is a crucial skill at every level. You should not waste this opportunity for just a sake of only appearing the examination. Give this attempt with the full fire. So join us immediately.”

How to send request: Only one single call on our helpline number 08607570992,09728926678

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 Target “100 Question” of UPSC Preliminary Exam 2018

Target 100 Questions UPSC 2018

 Most Expected & Probable Questions Test Series

(“Read Rvise Recall” Approach)

1.GOAL:

The Test Series (TS) and Quality Improvement Programme (QIP) have been designed for improving candidates’ learning outcome. The goal is to help candidates:

1. EVALUATE what they have studied

2. LEARN about their strong and weak areas

3. REVISE and UPDATE their knowledge

4. Overall, AUGMENT their preparation towards the UPSC exam

2.REAL SYLLABUS VS APPARENT SYLLABUS

The syllabus of General Studies given by UPSC is only indicative. The actual syllabus of this section is much more and the details can be explored only after combining the syllabus with the previous years’ questions to create all the possible DIMENSIONS from which the questions may be asked(Most Expected Questions). The Test Series will help the candidates in framing out the real syllabus of the UPSC exam.

3.C3 (CURRENT- CORE- CONCEPT) APPROACH:

By analyzing the latest trend of UPSC, we may find that it is just not asking questions from the news issues/ current issues which are very transient in nature, rather it uses them as the context to explore the core areas of General Studies relevant for a particular year’s exam and then it tests the conceptual understanding of the candidates from the same areas. Based on the same philosophy, we have developed our C3 (Current- Core- Concept) approach and designed our test series to help the candidates cover all the issues highly probable for the exam.

4.DIFFICULTY LEVEL AND LOGICAL STANDARD:

The difficulty level of the test questions will be exactly that of UPSC. It will not be below that. It will not be way above that either, just to impress the candidates. Focus will not be just on testing the factual clarity. The logical standard of the questions will be high, which is the actual pattern of UPSC.

                                            “Read Rvise Recall”:

The Test Series has been specifically structured to help students prepare cyclically for the exam. Each cycle gives candidates the chance to improve over the previous one and measure their progress. Each cycle, if treated as a  revision cycle, will gradually raise the preparation level of the candidates, giving them multiple revisions of the entire syllabus. 

“Read Rvise Recall” cycle  1 :

 The questions in this cycle will test the understanding of the candidates on different themes of the exam .

1. Test 1   1^st   January, 2017  Environment + current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

      2.     Test 2  5^th  January , 2018 POLITY(Constitution)+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

       3.     Test 3 12^th  January, 2018 GEOGRAPHY+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

       4.     Test 4 17^th   January, 2018 Economy+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

       5.     Test 5 22^nd   January, 2018 History+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

      6.     Test 6  1^st   February, 2018, General Science+ Sc &Tech+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

     7.     Test 7 6^th  February, 2018  India Year Book+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

     8.     Test 8 11^th  February, 2018  Full Test

 “Read Rvise Recall” cycle  2 :

But  with a fresh set of test questions. Once the candidates have gone through the First Cycle, they will be in a position to easily identify their weak areas for which they can prepare and then they will again be given a chance in the Second Cycle to test their strength.

1. Test 9   16^th  February, 2018  Environment + current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

       2.     Test 10 21^st  February, 2018 POLITY(Constitution)+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

       3.     Test 11 26^th  February, 2018 GEOGRAPHY+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper

       4.     Test 12 3^rd   March, 2018 Economy+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

       5.     Test 13 8^th  March, 2018 History+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

      6.     Test 14 13^th  March, 2018, General Science+ Sc &Tech+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

      7.     Test 15 18^th  March, 2018  India Year Book+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

      8.     Test 16 23^rd   March, 2018  Full Test

“Read Rvise Recall” cycle  3 :

1. Test 17   28^th  March, 2018  Environment + current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

        2.     Test 18 2^nd  April, 2018 POLITY(Constitution)+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

      3.     Test 19 7^th  April, 2018 GEOGRAPHY+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

    4.     Test 20 12^th   April, 2018 Economy+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

     5.     Test 21 18^th  April, 2018 History+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

    6.     Test 22 23^rd  April, 2018, General Science+ Sc &Tech+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

     7.     Test 23 28^th  April, 2018  India Year Book+ current affairs (last 12 months Hindu Paper)

 “Read Rvise Recall” cycle  4 :

 1.     Test 24 3^rd   May, 2018  Full Test 

2.    Test 25  8^th  May ,2018Mock Test

PROGRAMME DURATION: Tests can be taken anytime till 2  June 2018, after which the programme subscription will expire.

SELF STUDY: The Test Series has been conceptualized and designed as a self-study programme. Its aim is to fit the self-study schedule of the aspirants who have completed their GS preparation.

FLEXIBILITY: All tests can be taken ONLINE from anywhere.

SOLUTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS: These will be made available after the completion of the tests. The same explanatory material will also be available online for students who take the tests online.

“Making Good Decisions is A Crucial Skill at Every Level.” So join us Immediately.

 Kushmanda IAS HCS Academy

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Course Duration: 2 Months

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MOST EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR IAS MAIN EXAM & INTERVIEW 2017-18

1. Critically discuss  the achievement of Swami Vivekananda that make him role model for india ? (THE HINDU, Page 5, 20/9/2017,article: In Vivekananda’s …..)

2. What is a quantum computer? What possibilities does humanity have in quantum technologies (quantum energy ,Quantum computing, quantum telecoms & quantum health)?(THE HINDU, Page 2, 20/7/2017,article: India joins quantum computing …..)

3. What is “lift irrigation” ? Examine the pros and cons of lift irrigation in india ? (THE HINDU, Page 1, 21/9/2017,article: A portion of canal …..)

4. What is a Floor Test ? Can a legislative assembely speaker suspend all MLA’s of the opposition party? If yes, what are consequences of this? (THE HINDU, Page 1, 21/9/2017,article: No floor test …..)

5. Explain the distribution pattern of earthquake all over India? Why are so many earthquakes occurring recently in many countries? (THE HINDU, Page 1, 21/9/2017,article: The ground beneath their feet …..)

6. As a citizen of india,what is your opinion on Mamata Banerjee’s decision of no Durga idol immersion during Muharram procession? (THE HINDU, Page 3, 21/9/2017,article: Provide concrete reasons)

7. Discuss the possible solutions to interstates-water disputes in india ? (THE HINDU, Page 4, 20/9/2017,article: Finalise body …..)

8. Critically discuss  the issues related to intellectual property(IP) rights in India? (THE HINDU, Page 5, 20/9/2017,article: India needs to …..)

9. “Fundamental rights are not absolute in india.” Critically examine. (THE HINDU, Page 6, 20/9/2017,article: If dissent is not …..)

10. Is  cyber security weak in India? Critically examine . (THE HINDU, Page 7, 20/9/2017,article: Rajnath reviews steps …..)

Contd…..

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